On August 4, the Levada Center, an independent Moscow-based public opinion polling organization, released the results of its survey of Russians’ attitudes toward last year’s conflict with Georgia. There are few surprises: the beliefs of most Russians continue to align with Moscow’s official version. The great majority of respondents see either Georgian or Western (especially US) provocation as the cause for the war, and Russia’s role as essentially reactive, aimed at keeping peace and stability in its near abroad.
However, compared with the results from the Levada Center’s September 2008 survey (you can read that, and our analysis, here), there has been some shift in attitudes. Last year, 40% of Russians thought that their country’s recognition of South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent would benefit Russia. Now, a year later, with Russia and Nicaragua still alone in their recognition of the breakaway regions, 29% of Russians think this has benefited Russia (but still only 15% think this action was actually harmful for the country).
Respondents also now appear to be slightly more uncertain about both the US’s role in the Caucasus and Russia’s involvement in the conflict. Last fall, 49% of respondents said that the main reason for the war was that US leadership was trying to strengthen its influence in the Caucasus. Now only 34% agree with that, and 17% found the question difficult to answer. And in 2008, 70% of respondents gave the Russian leadership their full support, saying that their leaders did everything possible to avoid an escalation of the conflict and bloodshed; that figure dropped to 57% in 2009. At the same time, the percentage of respondents outrightly critical of Russia’s actions remains in the single digits across the board.
Finally, respondents continue to be split about what should become of the breakaway republics. Thirty-five percent think Abkhazia and South Ossetia should join the Russian Federation, while 41% and 40%, respectively, believe they should be independent states. (Interestingly, respondents seem to think of the two republics monolithically, despite their quite different histories and circumstances.) Only 17% of respondents think the two territories should join the RF immediately — many Russians seem less than eager for Russia to officially expand into an already unstable region.
The full results (in Russian) can be found here</a>; we’ve also translated them into English below for those who want to take a closer look.
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04.08.2009 On the anniversary of the military conflict in the Caucasus
Between July 17 and 20, the Yuri Levada Analytical Center (Levada Center) carried out a representative survey of 1600 Russian citizens in 128 locations across 46 regions of the country. The distribution of answers to the questions of this study is given as the percent of the total number of respondents, along with data from prior surveys. The statistical error is less than or equal to 3.4%
Are you interested in what is happening now in South Ossetia?
| Yes, considerably | 11 |
| Yes, somewhat | 39 |
| Not really | 28 |
| Not at all | 16 |
| Difficult to answer | 6 |
In your opinion, should Abkhazia be part of Georgia, part of Russia, or be an independent state?
| 2004 | 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | |
| Part of Georgia | 14 | 13 | 7 | 6 |
| Part of Russia | 32 | 41 | 34 | 35 |
| An independent state | 29 | 27 | 32 | 41 |
| Difficult to answer | 25 | 19 | 27 | 18 |
In your opinion, should South Ossetia be part of Georgia, be part of Russia, or be an independent state?
| 2004 | 2006 | 2007 | 2009 | |
| Part of Georgia | 12 | 12 | 9 | 6 |
| Part of Russia | 34 | 40 | 34 | 35 |
| An independent state | 30 | 26 | 32 | 40 |
| Difficult to answer | 24 | 22 | 25 | 19 |
In your opinion, did (in 2008: “will”) Russia’s recognition of the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia benefit Russia, harm Russia, or neither benefit nor harm Russia?
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| Benefit | 40 | 29 |
| Harm | 15 | 15 |
| Neither benefit nor harm | 28 | 40 |
| Difficult to answer | 17 | 16 |
In your opinion, what was the main reason for the conflict in South Ossetia in August of last year? (answers are ordered)
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| The Georgian leadership had discriminatory policies toward the Ossetian and Abkhaz populations | 32 | 35 |
| The leadership of the US was trying to strengthen its influence in the Caucasus and create tension between Georgia and Russia. | 49 | 34 |
| The leadership of South Ossetia and Abkhazia were trying to keep in power, constantly provoking a tense situation | 5 | 9 |
| The Russian leadership tried to use a policy of “divide and rule” to preserve its influence in the Caucasus | 5 | 5 |
| Difficult to answer | 9 | 17 |
Which of the following opinions about the reason for the actions of the Russian leadership with regards to the conflict do you most agree with? (answers are ordered)
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| The Russian leadership did everything possible to not allow an escalation of the conflict or bloodshed | 70 | 57 |
| The Russian leadership gave into the provocation from Georgia and let itself be drawn into this conflict, which will have negative consequences for Russia internationally | 16 | 21 |
| The Russian leadership gradually incited the Georgian-Ossetian conflict for the sake of attaining its own geopolitical interests | 4 | 5 |
| Difficult to answer | 10 | 17 |
What is your opinion of the Russian military intervention in the South Ossetian conflict in August 2008?
| It is proof of the failure of Russian diplomacy and the inability of the Russian leadership to solve problems between countries by means of peaceful negotiations | 13 |
| It was the only possible way out of the situation that had taken shape | 67 |
| Difficult to answer | 20 |
In your opinion, why did the countries of the West support Georgia in the South Ossetian conflict? (answers are ordered)
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| Because the West’s leadership is trying to weaken Russia and “force it out” of the Caucasus | 66 | 62 |
| Since the shelling of the military installations by the Russian forces on Georgian territory caused deaths among the civilian population | 8 | 10 |
| Because, in bringing its forces into Georgian territory, it violated the sovereignty of that country | 7 | 6 |
| Because the actions of Russia resulted in the conflict spreading to other territories, particularly Abkhazia | 5 | 5 |
| Difficult to answer | 14 | 17 |
In your opinion, is the situation in South Ossetia and Abkhazia now becoming more strained, does it remain tense, or is tension decreasing and life becoming more peaceful?
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| The situation is becoming more strained | 6 | 5 |
| The situation remains tense | 57 | 48 |
| The tension is decreasing and life is becoming more peaceful | 30 | 31 |
| Difficult to answer | 7 | 16 |
In your opinion, should Russia continue to keep its forces in South Ossetia or will it remove its forces from there?
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| Keep its forces in South Ossetia | 56 | 54 |
| Remove its forces from South Ossetia | 27 | 24 |
| Difficult to answer | 17 | 22 |
What do you think regarding the inclusion of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in the Russian Federation?
| 2008 | 2009 | |
| This should be done as soon as possible | 20 | 17 |
| This should most probably be done, but later, once emotions have cooled | 26 | 24 |
| Whether this should be done or not should be thought over | 25 | 28 |
| It is not worth doing this | 12 | 17 |
| Difficult to answer | 17 | 14 |
